Mongolia
MN · MNG
Al: 26/06/2026
Doppelter Binnenstaat, Bergbau-Exporteur, Transit über China und Russland
Capitale: Ulan Bator
APTA / Japan-Mongolei-EPASenza sboccoSchieneStrasseLuftfrachtIVA import: Einfuhr-MwSt 10 Prozent auf den Zollwert, einheitlicher Satz ohne ermässigte StufenDogana: mittelRischio: mittelPharma: gering bis mittelMerci pericolose: mittelE-Commerce: gering bis mittel
Panoramica
Mongolia (ISO code: MN) lies in Central Asia between Russia to the north and China to the south and, with around 3.5 million people across some 1.56 million km2, is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. It is a parliamentary republic with democratic structures since the 1990s. The climate is strongly continental, with very cold winters, short hot summers and low precipitation. The economy is dominated by mining (copper, coal, gold, uranium), complemented by livestock herding, cashmere production and a growing services sector. As a doubly landlocked country, Mongolia has no sea access; foreign trade runs almost entirely in transit via China (mainly the port of Tianjin) and through Russia. The backbone of logistics is the Trans-Mongolian Railway on Russian broad gauge (1520 mm) with a gauge change at the Chinese border at Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot, complemented by the road network. Key exports are mining goods and cashmere, while fuels, machinery, vehicles and consumer goods are imported. The national currency is the tugrik (MNT).
Superficie1.564.116 km²
Popolazione3.544.835
ValutaTugrik mongolo (MNT)
Area economicaAPTA / Japan-Mongolei-EPA
ContinenteAsien
ReligioniBuddhismus, Atheisten, Schamanen
Codice ISOMN / MNG
Dogana & Import/Export
Autorità doganale
Customs General Administration of Mongolia (Mongolischer Zoll)Sistema import
Elektronische Zollanmeldung über das Customs Automated Information System (CAIS), E-Portal gaali.mn; in Betrieb seit 2019. Zollwertbasis ist in der Regel der CIF-Wert.
Sistema export
Ausfuhranmeldung über CAIS/gaali.mn bei der Customs General Administration; Ursprungsnachweise im Rahmen des Japan-EPA und der APTA. Ausfuhrzölle u.a. auf Kamelwolle und Holz.
IVA all'import
- Einfuhr-MwSt 10 Prozent auf den Zollwert, einheitlicher Satz ohne ermässigte Stufen
- fällig bei der Zollabfertigung.
Complessità doganalemittel
Documenti import
- Handelsrechnung
- Transportdokument (CMR/Eisenbahnfrachtbrief)
- Zollanmeldung (CAIS)
- Packliste
- Lizenzen/Bewilligungen
Documenti export
- Handelsrechnung
- Transportdokument
- Ursprungsnachweis (EPA/APTA)
- Ausfuhranmeldung (CAIS)
Prove origine / ALS
Präferenzursprung über das Japan-Mongolei-EPA und die APTA (Ursprungszeugnis); für EU-Exporteure relevant ist der EU-Marktzugang Mongolens als GSP-Begünstigter.
Merci vietate
Genehmigungspflicht u.a. für Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoff, Betäubungsmittel, radioaktive und toxische Stoffe sowie geschützte Kultur- und Naturgüter (CITES).
Controllo esportazioni
Mongolei setzt UN-Sanktionen um und kontrolliert strategische und Dual-Use-Güter an den Grenzen (Nonproliferation, internationale Kooperation).
Senza garanzia — verificare sempre con spedizioniere e autorità.
Dogana / Import / Export (Asia) — Processo generale
Panoramica operativa per spedizioni internazionali verso l'Asia. Requisiti prodotto, certificati e sdoganamento variano molto per destinazione.
Documenti (tipici)
- Fattura commerciale (descrizione, valore, Incoterms)
- Lista di imballaggio (pesi, dimensioni, colli)
- Codice HS / nomenclatura doganale
- Prova di origine / documenti di preferenza (se pertinente)
- A seconda della merce: certificati/documenti di conformità
Processo (semplificato)
- Preparare export (documenti, codice HS, origine)
- Sdoganamento nel paese di destinazione (dichiarazione, possibili controlli)
- Rilascio e consegna; dazi/imposte secondo classificazione e valore
Errori frequenti
- Descrizione vaga o codici HS mancanti → ritardi e chiarimenti
- Incoterms poco chiari: chi sdogana/paga gli oneri?
- Dati origine incompleti → preferenza può non applicarsi
- Documenti incoerenti (fattura vs packing list vs spedizione)
Importante: i requisiti dipendono da merce, origine, Incoterms, valore e destinatario. In caso di dubbio, verificare con spedizioniere/agente doganale e fonti ufficiali.
Link ufficiali
Nota: fonti regionali/generali. I link delle autorità per paese verranno aggiunti progressivamente.
Commercio
Infrastruttura merci & rete di trasporto
Rilevanza del trasporto
Ferrovia
altoStrada
altoAria
medioMarittimo
n/apipeline
n/aAeroporti cargo
- Chinggis Khaan International (UBN, Ulan-Bator)
Porti marittimi / di accesso
- Kein eigener Seehafen (Binnenstaat); Transit über Tianjin (CN) und russische Häfen
Porti interni & terminal
- Zamyn-Üüd (Trockenhafen, Grenze CN)
- Altanbulag/Sühbaatar (Grenze RU)
- Gashuunsuchait (Kohleexport CN)
Corridoi stradali & valichi di frontiera
- AH3 Ulan-Bator–Zamyn-Üüd–Erenhot (CN)
- AH4 Ulan-Bator–Altanbulag (RU)
- Gashuunsuchait–Ganqimaodu (CN, Kohle)
Corridoi ferroviari
- Transmongolische Bahn: Naushki (RU)–Ulan-Bator–Zamyn-Üüd/Erenhot (CN)
- Breitspur 1520 mm, Spurwechsel an der CN-Grenze
- Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuunsuchait (Kohle, seit 2022)
Principali rotte commerciali
- MN–China
- MN–Russland
- MN–Japan
- MN–EU
Rischi & note operative
Rischio logisticomittel
Rischio ritardo doganalemittel bis hoch
Rischio congestione portualemittel bis hoch (Grenzübergang Zamyn-Üüd/Erenhot)
Note di rischio
Doppelter Binnenstaat: Aussenhandel fast vollständig vom Transit über China (Tianjin) und Russland abhängig. Staus und Spurwechsel am Grenzübergang Zamyn-Üüd/Erenhot verzögern den Warenfluss.
Rischi stagionali & meteo
Extremes Kontinentalklima; strenge Winter (Dzud) mit Schnee und Eis behindern den Strassentransport; Frühjahrs-Sandstürme. Sommer kurz und heiss.
Note logistiche attuali
Neuer Flughafen Chinggis Khaan (UBN) seit 2021 in Betrieb. Ausbau der Bahn (Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuunsuchait 2022 eröffnet) und der Grenzkapazitäten für die Kohleausfuhr nach China.
Al: 2026-06-26
Note operative senza pretesa di completezza. Verificare con lo spedizioniere.
Aeroporti in questo paese
Ulaanbaatar Chinggis Khaan International Airport
UBN · Ulaanbaatar (Sergelen)
Altai Airport
LTI · Altai
Arvaikheer Airport
AVK · Arvaikheer
Bayankhongor Airport
BYN · Bayankhongor
Bulgan Airport
UGA · Bulgan
Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport
ULN · Ulaanbaatar
Dalanzadgad Airport
DLZ · Dalanzadgad
Khovd Airport
HVD · Khovd
Mörön Airport
MXV · Mörön
Shine Bulagin Hural Air Base
Dalanjargalan
Bayan Suma Airport
Bagakhangai
Bayantal Air Base
Bayantal
Ultime notizie
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Fonti & Affidabilità
hochVerificato: 2026-06-26
Fonti ufficiali
- customs.gov.mn
- mta.gov.mn
- nso.mn
Fonti senza garanzia. Per decisioni legali/fiscali, consultare le autorità ufficiali.
FAQ
What import taxes apply in Mongolia?
Imports are subject to 10 percent VAT on the customs value (single rate). Customs duties of 5 to 40 percent apply depending on the goods; certain items such as petroleum, data-processing machines, medical equipment and breeding livestock are duty-free. Excise tax additionally applies to tobacco, alcohol, fuels and vehicles.
Which customs system does Mongolia use?
The Customs General Administration processes declarations electronically via the Customs Automated Information System (CAIS); the e-portal gaali.mn offers filing and online payment. The system has been in use since 2019 and covers import, export and transit.
Does Mongolia have a seaport?
No. Mongolia is doubly landlocked with no sea access. Overseas trade runs in transit via Chinese ports, mainly Tianjin, and through Russia. The key crossing to China is Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot.
What is the best way to bring goods into Mongolia?
The backbone is the Trans-Mongolian Railway from Russia via Ulaanbaatar to the Chinese border; due to Russian broad gauge (1520 mm) a gauge change takes place at the Chinese border. Road corridors and air freight via Chinggis Khaan Airport (UBN) complement this.
Which trade agreements and preferences apply?
Mongolia has an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan (in force since 7 June 2016) and has been a member of the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) since 1 January 2021. There is no free trade agreement with EFTA or a comprehensive EU FTA; towards the EU, Mongolia benefits from the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP).
What logistics risks exist in Mongolia?
As a doubly landlocked country, foreign trade depends almost entirely on transit via China and Russia. At the Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot crossing, the gauge change and high volumes cause congestion and delays. Severe winters (dzud) and sandstorms can disrupt road transport.
Which currency is used in Mongolia?
The national currency is the Mongolian tugrik (ISO code MNT). Foreign-trade invoices are often denominated in US dollars or other hard currencies.
Quali partner commerciali sono importanti per Mongolia?
Quali termini logistici sono particolarmente rilevanti per Mongolia?
Per i trasporti internazionali, questi termini sono un buon punto di partenza:
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