Russia
RU · RUS
Al: 27/06/2026
Rohstoff- und Energieexporteur / eurasisches Transitland
Capitale: Mosca
EAWU (Eurasische Wirtschaftsunion / Zollunion)SchienePipelineSeefrachtStrasseLuftfrachtBinnenschiffIVA import: Einfuhr-Mehrwertsteuer 22 Prozent Normalsatz seit 1.1.2026 (zuvor 20), ermässigt 10 Prozent auf bestimmte Lebensmittel und Waren, 0 Prozent für AusfuhrenDogana: hochRischio: hochPharma: mittelMerci pericolose: hochE-Commerce: mittel
Panoramica
Russia (ISO code: RU) is the largest country in the world by area, spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia with access to the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific. It is a federal republic with a strongly centralised power structure. Climates range from Arctic in the north and continental across much of Siberia to temperate zones in the west and south. Economically, Russia holds major reserves of oil, gas, coal and metals that play a central role in value creation and logistics. Foreign trade is traditionally export-oriented in energy and raw materials, while machinery, industrial goods and consumer products are imported; import dependence is pronounced for technology and specialised equipment. Geographically, Russia has a potential transit role between Europe and Asia, constrained by sanctions and infrastructure bottlenecks. Key transport modes are rail, pipelines, seaports and inland waterways. The national currency is the Russian Ruble (RUB).
Termini nel glossario
Superficie17.098.246 km²
Popolazione146.028.325
ValutaRublo russo (RUB)
Area economicaEAWU (Eurasische Wirtschaftsunion / Zollunion)
ContinenteEuropa/Asien
ReligioniRussisch-Orthodox, Islam, Christentum, Buddhismus, Judentum
Codice ISORU / RUS
Dogana & Import/Export
Autorità doganale
Föderaler Zolldienst Russlands (FTS / FCS)Sistema import
Elektronische Zollanmeldung nach dem Zollkodex der Eurasischen Wirtschaftsunion (EAWU); Abfertigung über das automatisierte Informationssystem des FTS, Vorabinformation und elektronische Deklaration verpflichtend.
Sistema export
Ausfuhrabfertigung elektronisch im EAWU-Zollkodex über das FTS-System; für Energieträger, Rohstoffe und Dual-Use-Güter gelten Ausfuhrzölle, Lizenzen und Exportkontrollen.
IVA all'import
- Einfuhr-Mehrwertsteuer 22 Prozent Normalsatz seit 1.1.2026 (zuvor 20), ermässigt 10 Prozent auf bestimmte Lebensmittel und Waren, 0 Prozent für Ausfuhren
- erhoben bei der Einfuhr (Gesetz 425-FZ).
Complessità doganalehoch
Documenti import
- Handelsrechnung
- Packliste
- Frachtbrief (CMR/Bill of Lading/Luftfrachtbrief)
- Zollanmeldung (DT)
- Konformitätsnachweis EAC (TR ZU/TR EAEU)
- Ursprungszeugnis
Documenti export
- Handelsrechnung
- Packliste
- Ausfuhrzollanmeldung
- Frachtdokument
- ggf. Ausfuhrlizenz/Genehmigung
- Ursprungszeugnis
Prove origine / ALS
EAWU-Binnenmarkt zollfrei (Armenien, Belarus, Kasachstan, Kirgisistan); Freihandelsabkommen u.a. mit Vietnam, Serbien, Iran und Singapur; Ursprungsnachweis CT-1/EAV.
Merci vietate
Einfuhrverbote für bestimmte Agrar- und Lebensmittel aus 'unfreundlichen' Staaten (Gegensanktionen seit 2014); Parallelimporte ohne Markeninhaber-Zustimmung bis 2026 verlängert; Waffen, Drogen und Dual-Use lizenzpflichtig.
Controllo esportazioni
Umfassende westliche Sanktionen: EU (20. Paket vom 23.4.2026, LNG-Importstopp ab 2027), USA (OFAC E.O. 14024, Rosneft/Lukoil als SDN seit Okt. 2025, BIS/EAR), UK; Energie-, Finanz- und Dual-Use-Beschränkungen.
Senza garanzia — verificare sempre con spedizioniere e autorità.
Dogana / Import / Export (Europe) — Processo generale
Panoramica operativa per spedizioni internazionali verso l'Europa. A seconda della destinazione (unione doganale, IVA, norme prodotto), passaggi e documenti variano.
Documenti (tipici)
Processo (semplificato)
- Preparare export (documenti, codice HS, origine)
- Sdoganamento nel paese di destinazione (dichiarazione, possibili controlli)
- Rilascio e consegna; dazi/imposte secondo classificazione e valore
Errori frequenti
- Descrizione vaga o codici HS mancanti → ritardi e chiarimenti
- Incoterms poco chiari: chi sdogana/paga gli oneri?
- Dati origine incompleti → preferenza può non applicarsi
- Documenti incoerenti (fattura vs packing list vs spedizione)
Importante: i requisiti dipendono da merce, origine, Incoterms, valore e destinatario. In caso di dubbio, verificare con spedizioniere/agente doganale e fonti ufficiali.
Link ufficiali
Nota: fonti regionali/generali. I link delle autorità per paese verranno aggiunti progressivamente.
Commercio
Infrastruttura merci & rete di trasporto
Rilevanza del trasporto
Marittimo
altoFerrovia
altoStrada
altoAria
medioFluviale
mediopipeline
altoAeroporti cargo
- Moskau Scheremetjewo (SVO)
- Moskau Domodedowo (DME)
- Moskau Wnukowo (VKO)
- Jekaterinburg Kolzowo (SVX)
- Nowosibirsk Tolmatschowo (OVB)
Porti marittimi / di accesso
- Noworossijsk (Schwarzes Meer)
- Ust-Luga (Ostsee)
- Primorsk (Ostsee)
- Sankt Petersburg (Ostsee)
- Wostotschny (Ferner Osten)
- Wladiwostok (Ferner Osten)
- Nachodka (Ferner Osten)
- Murmansk (Arktis)
Porti interni & terminal
- Wolga-Wasserstrasse (Nischni Nowgorod, Kasan)
- Wolga-Don-Kanal
- Moskwa / Kanal Moskau-Wolga
Corridoi stradali & valichi di frontiera
- M4 Don (Moskau-Noworossijsk)
- M10/M11 (Moskau-Sankt Petersburg)
- M7 Wolga (Moskau-Ufa)
- R297 Amur (Tschita-Chabarowsk)
Corridoi ferroviari
- Transsibirische Eisenbahn (Transsib)
- Baikal-Amur-Magistrale (BAM)
- Internationaler Nord-Süd-Korridor (INSTC)
Principali rotte commerciali
- Russland-China (Schiene/See/Pipeline)
- Russland-Indien (INSTC/See)
- Russland-Türkei (Schwarzes Meer)
- Russland-Zentralasien (EAWU)
Rischi & note operative
Rischio logisticohoch
Rischio ritardo doganalehoch
Rischio congestione portualemittel
Note di rischio
Sehr hohe geopolitische und Compliance-Risiken durch Sanktionen, Zahlungs- und Versicherungsbeschränkungen sowie Lieferketten-Umleitung nach Asien; sorgfältige Sanktions- und Dual-Use-Prüfung zwingend.
Rischi stagionali & meteo
Winterliche Vereisung arktischer und Ostsee-Häfen erfordert Eisbrecher; extreme Kälte in Sibirien; Frühjahrshochwasser und Rasputiza-Schlammperioden behindern Strassen- und Binnenschiffsverkehr.
Note logistiche attuali
Handelsströme seit 2022 stark nach China, Indien, Türkei und Zentralasien verlagert; Ausbau von Transsib/BAM und INSTC-Nord-Süd-Korridor im Fokus; Parallelimporte 2025 rückläufig (Stand Juni 2026).
Al: 2026-06-27
Note operative senza pretesa di completezza. Verificare con lo spedizioniere.
Aeroporti in questo paese
Domodedovo International Airport
DME · Moscow
Gagarin International Airport
GSV · Saratov
Kazan International Airport
KZN · Kazan
Koltsovo Airport
SVX · Yekaterinburg
Krasnoyarsk International Airport
KJA · Krasnoyarsk
Kurumoch International Airport
KUF · Samara
Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport
OVB · Novosibirsk
Platov International Airport
ROV · Rostov-on-Don
Pulkovo Airport
LED · St. Petersburg
Sheremetyevo International Airport
SVO · Moscow
Sochi International Airport
AER · Sochi
Ufa International Airport
UFA · Ufa
Porti marittimi in questo paese
Murmansk
RU MMK · Large
Novorossiysk
RU NVS · Large
Sankt-Peterburg
RU LED · Large
Ust Luga
RU ULU · Large
Vladivostok
RUVVO · Large
Vostochnyy
RUVYP · Large
Arkhangels'k
RU ARH · Medium
De Kastri
RU DKA · Medium
Dudinka
RU DUD · Medium
Kaliningrad
RU KGD · Medium
Vyborg
RU VYG · Medium
Aleksandrovsk -Sakhalinskiy
RU SAK · Small
Ultime notizie
Altri contenuti su questo paese
Quando saranno disponibili contenuti, qui verranno mostrati automaticamente ulteriori informazioni e articoli.
Fonti & Affidabilità
hochVerificato: 2026-06-27
Fonti ufficiali
- customs.gov.ru
- consilium.europa.eu
- ofac.treasury.gov
- rosstat.gov.ru
Fonti senza garanzia. Per decisioni legali/fiscali, consultare le autorità ufficiali.
FAQ
What import duties and taxes apply in Russia?
Imports are subject to import VAT of 22 Prozent (since 1 January 2026, previously 20; reduced 10 Prozent on certain goods), plus the Eurasian Economic Union's common external tariff and, where applicable, excise duties.
Which sanctions must I observe when trading with Russia?
Comprehensive sanctions apply from the EU (20th package of 23 April 2026), the United States (OFAC, including Rosneft and Lukoil as SDNs since October 2025, BIS/EAR export controls) and the United Kingdom, covering energy, financial services and dual-use and high-tech goods. Careful sanctions and end-use screening is essential.
What are parallel imports and are they permitted?
Since 2022 Russia has permitted parallel imports, i.e. importing certain branded goods without the rights holder's consent. The mechanism was extended through 2026, though the list of eligible goods is regularly adjusted and was narrowed in 2025.
What are Russia's most important seaports?
The largest ports include Novorossiysk on the Black Sea, Ust-Luga and Primorsk on the Baltic, St. Petersburg, plus Vostochny, Vladivostok and Nakhodka in the Far East and Murmansk in the Arctic.
What role does rail transport play?
Rail is central: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) link the west with the Far East and China. Both are being expanded to absorb cargo flows redirected towards Asia.
Which customs authority is responsible and how is clearance handled?
The Federal Customs Service of Russia (FTS) is responsible. Clearance is handled electronically under the Eurasian Economic Union Customs Code via the FTS automated information system, with mandatory advance information.
Is Russia part of a customs union?
Yes. Russia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) together with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Tariffs are removed within the union, while a common external tariff applies to imports from outside.
Quali partner commerciali sono importanti per Russia?
Quali termini logistici sono particolarmente rilevanti per Russia?
Per i trasporti internazionali, questi termini sono un buon punto di partenza:
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