GlossaryEN1 min readUpdated: Jun 23, 2026
Combined Transport Operator
A combined transport operator (CTO) is the single contractual counterparty who assumes responsibility for an entire multimodal journey on behalf of the shipper.
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Source: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/inland/combined-transport_en
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Definition & Explanation
A combined transport operator (CTO) is the single contractual counterparty who assumes responsibility for an entire multimodal journey on behalf of the shipper. The CTO issues one transport contract covering all legs – typically a main haul by rail, inland waterway, or ocean vessel, combined with road pre-carriage and on-carriage. Physical execution is delegated to specialized carriers for each segment, but the CTO remains fully liable to the shipper across the whole chain. This sets the CTO apart from a unimodal carrier, who performs only one leg, and from a freight forwarder acting purely as an intermediary without taking on carrier liability. The combined transport bill of lading is the standard document evidencing the CTO's overall responsibility.
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