MN · MNG
Doppelter Binnenstaat, Bergbau-Exporteur, Transit über China und Russland
Capital: Ulán Bator
Resumen
Mongolia (ISO code: MN) lies in Central Asia between Russia to the north and China to the south and, with around 3.5 million people across some 1.56 million km2, is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. It is a parliamentary republic with democratic structures since the 1990s. The climate is strongly continental, with very cold winters, short hot summers and low precipitation. The economy is dominated by mining (copper, coal, gold, uranium), complemented by livestock herding, cashmere production and a growing services sector. As a doubly landlocked country, Mongolia has no sea access; foreign trade runs almost entirely in transit via China (mainly the port of Tianjin) and through Russia. The backbone of logistics is the Trans-Mongolian Railway on Russian broad gauge (1520 mm) with a gauge change at the Chinese border at Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot, complemented by the road network. Key exports are mining goods and cashmere, while fuels, machinery, vehicles and consumer goods are imported. The national currency is the tugrik (MNT).
Autoridad aduanera
Customs General Administration of Mongolia (Mongolischer Zoll)Sistema importación
Elektronische Zollanmeldung über das Customs Automated Information System (CAIS), E-Portal gaali.mn; in Betrieb seit 2019. Zollwertbasis ist in der Regel der CIF-Wert.
Sistema exportación
Ausfuhranmeldung über CAIS/gaali.mn bei der Customs General Administration; Ursprungsnachweise im Rahmen des Japan-EPA und der APTA. Ausfuhrzölle u.a. auf Kamelwolle und Holz.
IVA importación
Präferenzursprung über das Japan-Mongolei-EPA und die APTA (Ursprungszeugnis); für EU-Exporteure relevant ist der EU-Marktzugang Mongolens als GSP-Begünstigter.
Genehmigungspflicht u.a. für Waffen, Munition, Sprengstoff, Betäubungsmittel, radioaktive und toxische Stoffe sowie geschützte Kultur- und Naturgüter (CITES).
Mongolei setzt UN-Sanktionen um und kontrolliert strategische und Dual-Use-Güter an den Grenzen (Nonproliferation, internationale Kooperation).
Sin garantía — verificar siempre con agente de aduanas y autoridades oficiales.
Resumen operativo para envíos internacionales a Asia. Requisitos de producto, certificados y despacho varían mucho según el destino.
Importante: los requisitos dependen de la mercancía, origen, Incoterms, valor y destinatario. En caso de duda, confirme con su transitario/agente aduanero y fuentes oficiales.
Enlaces oficiales
Nota: fuentes regionales/generales. Los enlaces de autoridades por país se añadirán progresivamente.
Doppelter Binnenstaat: Aussenhandel fast vollständig vom Transit über China (Tianjin) und Russland abhängig. Staus und Spurwechsel am Grenzübergang Zamyn-Üüd/Erenhot verzögern den Warenfluss.
Extremes Kontinentalklima; strenge Winter (Dzud) mit Schnee und Eis behindern den Strassentransport; Frühjahrs-Sandstürme. Sommer kurz und heiss.
Neuer Flughafen Chinggis Khaan (UBN) seit 2021 in Betrieb. Ausbau der Bahn (Tavan Tolgoi–Gashuunsuchait 2022 eröffnet) und der Grenzkapazitäten für die Kohleausfuhr nach China.
A partir de: 2026-06-26
Notas operativas sin completitud. Verificar con el agente de carga.
Aún no hay noticias sobre este país.
Ver todas las noticias →Fuentes oficiales
Referencias sin garantía. Para decisiones legales/fiscales consulte autoridades oficiales.
Imports are subject to 10 percent VAT on the customs value (single rate). Customs duties of 5 to 40 percent apply depending on the goods; certain items such as petroleum, data-processing machines, medical equipment and breeding livestock are duty-free. Excise tax additionally applies to tobacco, alcohol, fuels and vehicles.
The Customs General Administration processes declarations electronically via the Customs Automated Information System (CAIS); the e-portal gaali.mn offers filing and online payment. The system has been in use since 2019 and covers import, export and transit.
No. Mongolia is doubly landlocked with no sea access. Overseas trade runs in transit via Chinese ports, mainly Tianjin, and through Russia. The key crossing to China is Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot.
The backbone is the Trans-Mongolian Railway from Russia via Ulaanbaatar to the Chinese border; due to Russian broad gauge (1520 mm) a gauge change takes place at the Chinese border. Road corridors and air freight via Chinggis Khaan Airport (UBN) complement this.
Mongolia has an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan (in force since 7 June 2016) and has been a member of the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) since 1 January 2021. There is no free trade agreement with EFTA or a comprehensive EU FTA; towards the EU, Mongolia benefits from the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP).
As a doubly landlocked country, foreign trade depends almost entirely on transit via China and Russia. At the Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot crossing, the gauge change and high volumes cause congestion and delays. Severe winters (dzud) and sandstorms can disrupt road transport.
The national currency is the Mongolian tugrik (ISO code MNT). Foreign-trade invoices are often denominated in US dollars or other hard currencies.
Para transportes internacionales, estos términos son un buen punto de partida: