# Russia (RU) **Capital:** Moscow **Currency:** Russian Ruble (RUB) (RUB) **Population:** 146'028'325 **Area:** 17'098'246 km² > Russia is the world's largest country by area and a key exporter of energy and raw materials, with access to the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Arctic and the Pacific. As a member of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) it applies a common external tariff. Since 2022 sweeping Western sanctions have shaped its foreign trade, shifting flows towards China, India, Turkey and Central Asia. The main transport modes are rail (Trans-Siberian/BAM), pipelines, seaports and inland waterways. Import VAT has stood at 22 percent since 1 January 2026. Russia (ISO code: RU) is the largest country in the world by area, spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia with access to the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific. It is a federal republic with a strongly centralised power structure. Climates range from Arctic in the north and continental across much of Siberia to temperate zones in the west and south. Economically, Russia holds major reserves of oil, gas, coal and metals that play a central role in value creation and logistics. Foreign trade is traditionally export-oriented in energy and raw materials, while machinery, industrial goods and consumer products are imported; import dependence is pronounced for technology and specialised equipment. Geographically, Russia has a potential transit role between Europe and Asia, constrained by sanctions and infrastructure bottlenecks. Key transport modes are rail, pipelines, seaports and inland waterways. The national currency is the Russian Ruble (RUB). **Top Import Partners:** CN, BY, TR, KZ, IN **Top Export Partners:** CN, IN, TR, BY, KZ **Top Import Goods:** Maschinen, elektronische Geräte, Fahrzeuge, Pharmazeutische Produkte, Lebensmittel **Top Export Goods:** Mineralöle, Erdgas, Metalle, Kohle; Düngemittel **Key Airports:** - [Domodedovo International Airport (DME)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/domodedovo-international-airport-dme) - [Gagarin International Airport (GSV)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/gagarin-international-airport-gsv) - [Kazan International Airport (KZN)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/kazan-international-airport-kzn) - [Koltsovo Airport (SVX)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/koltsovo-airport-svx) - [Krasnoyarsk International Airport (KJA)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/krasnoyarsk-international-airport-kja) - [Kurumoch International Airport (KUF)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/kurumoch-international-airport-kuf) - [Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport (OVB)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/novosibirsk-tolmachevo-airport-ovb) - [Platov International Airport (ROV)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/platov-international-airport-rov) - [Pulkovo Airport (LED)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/pulkovo-airport-led) - [Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/sheremetyevo-international-airport-svo) **Key Seaports:** - [Murmansk (RU MMK)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/murmansk-port-ru-mmk) - [Novorossiysk (RU NVS)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/novorossiysk-port-ru-nvs) - [Sankt-Peterburg (RU LED)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/sankt-peterburg-port-ru-led) - [Ust Luga (RU ULU)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/ust-luga-port-ru-ulu) - [Vladivostok (RUVVO)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/vladivostok-port-ruvvo) - [Vostochnyy (RUVYP)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/vostochnyy-port-ruvyp) - [Arkhangels'k (RU ARH)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/arkhangelsk-port-ru-arh) - [De Kastri (RU DKA)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/de-kastri-port-ru-dka) - [Dudinka (RU DUD)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/dudinka-port-ru-dud) - [Kaliningrad (RU KGD)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/seaports/kaliningrad-port-ru-kgd) ## Customs & Import **Import VAT:** Einfuhr-Mehrwertsteuer 22 Prozent Normalsatz seit 1.1.2026 (zuvor 20), ermässigt 10 Prozent auf bestimmte Lebensmittel und Waren, 0 Prozent für Ausfuhren **Customs complexity:** hoch **Customs system:** Elektronische Zollanmeldung nach dem Zollkodex der Eurasischen Wirtschaftsunion (EAWU); Abfertigung über das automatisierte Informationssystem des FTS, Vorabinformation und elektronische Deklaration verpflichtend. **Customs authority:** [Föderaler Zolldienst Russlands (FTS / FCS)](https://customs.gov.ru) ## Logistics & Risk **Logistics role:** Rohstoff- und Energieexporteur / eurasisches Transitland **Economic area:** EAWU (Eurasische Wirtschaftsunion / Zollunion) **Logistics risk:** hoch **Dangerous goods relevance:** hoch **Pharma/cold chain:** mittel ## Sources & Last Verified - [https://eng.customs.gov.ru](https://eng.customs.gov.ru) - [https://customs.gov.ru](https://customs.gov.ru) - [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia/timeline-sanctions-against-russia/](https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia/timeline-sanctions-against-russia/) - [https://finance.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-adopts-20th-package-sanctions-against-russia-2026-04-23_en](https://finance.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-adopts-20th-package-sanctions-against-russia-2026-04-23_en) - [https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/russian-harmful-foreign-activities-sanctions](https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information/russian-harmful-foreign-activities-sanctions) - [https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0290](https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0290) - [https://sovos.com/regulatory-updates/vat/russia-vat-rate-raised-to-22/](https://sovos.com/regulatory-updates/vat/russia-vat-rate-raised-to-22/) - [https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/catr/ett/default.php](https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/catr/ett/default.php) *Last verified: 2026-06-27* --- *Freight Academy — Country Profile: [https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/land/ru](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/land/ru)* *Markdown mirror: [https://www.freight-academy.com/api/md/country/en/ru](https://www.freight-academy.com/api/md/country/en/ru)*