# Mongolia (MN)

**Capital:** Ulaanbaatar  
**Currency:** Mongolian Tugrik (MNT) (MNT)  
**Population:** 3'544'835  
**Area:** 1'564'116 km²

> Mongolia is a doubly landlocked country between Russia and China with no sea access. Foreign trade runs almost entirely in transit via Chinese ports (mainly Tianjin) and through Russia. The key modes are rail (Trans-Mongolian Railway, broad gauge 1520 mm with a gauge change at the Chinese border) and road. Exports are dominated by mining goods (copper concentrate, coal, gold) and cashmere; imports include fuels, machinery, vehicles and consumer goods. Import VAT is 10 percent, customs duties 5 to 40 percent.

Mongolia (ISO code: MN) lies in Central Asia between Russia to the north and China to the south and, with around 3.5 million people across some 1.56 million km2, is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. It is a parliamentary republic with democratic structures since the 1990s. The climate is strongly continental, with very cold winters, short hot summers and low precipitation. The economy is dominated by mining (copper, coal, gold, uranium), complemented by livestock herding, cashmere production and a growing services sector. As a doubly landlocked country, Mongolia has no sea access; foreign trade runs almost entirely in transit via China (mainly the port of Tianjin) and through Russia. The backbone of logistics is the Trans-Mongolian Railway on Russian broad gauge (1520 mm) with a gauge change at the Chinese border at Zamyn-Uud/Erenhot, complemented by the road network. Key exports are mining goods and cashmere, while fuels, machinery, vehicles and consumer goods are imported. The national currency is the tugrik (MNT).

**Top Import Partners:** CN, RU, JP, KR, US

**Top Export Partners:** CN, RU, KR, JP, CH

**Top Import Goods:** Erdölprodukte, Maschinen, Fahrzeuge, Elektronik, Lebensmittel

**Top Export Goods:** Kupferkonzentrate, Kohle, Gold, Kaschmirwolle, Erdöl

**Key Airports:**
- [Ulaanbaatar Chinggis Khaan International Airport (UBN)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/ulaanbaatar-chinggis-khaan-international-airport-ubn)
- [Altai Airport (LTI)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/altai-airport-lti)
- [Arvaikheer Airport (AVK)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/arvaikheer-airport-avk)
- [Bayankhongor Airport (BYN)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/bayankhongor-airport-byn)
- [Bulgan Airport (UGA)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/bulgan-airport-uga)
- [Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport (ULN)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/buyant-ukhaa-international-airport-uln)
- [Dalanzadgad Airport (DLZ)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/dalanzadgad-airport-dlz)
- [Khovd Airport (HVD)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/khovd-airport-hvd)
- [Mörön Airport (MXV)](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/moeroen-airport-mxv)
- [Shine Bulagin Hural Air Base](https://www.freight-academy.com/en/information/airports/shine-bulagin-hural-air-base-airport-8135)

## Customs & Import

**Import VAT:** Einfuhr-MwSt 10 Prozent auf den Zollwert, einheitlicher Satz ohne ermässigte Stufen  
**Customs complexity:** mittel  
**Customs system:** Elektronische Zollanmeldung über das Customs Automated Information System (CAIS), E-Portal gaali.mn; in Betrieb seit 2019. Zollwertbasis ist in der Regel der CIF-Wert.  
**Customs authority:** [Customs General Administration of Mongolia (Mongolischer Zoll)](https://customs.gov.mn)

## Logistics & Risk

**Logistics role:** Doppelter Binnenstaat, Bergbau-Exporteur, Transit über China und Russland  
**Economic area:** APTA / Japan-Mongolei-EPA  
**Logistics risk:** mittel  
**Dangerous goods relevance:** mittel  
**Pharma/cold chain:** gering bis mittel

## Sources & Last Verified

- [https://customs.gov.mn](https://customs.gov.mn)
- [https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mongolia/corporate/other-taxes](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mongolia/corporate/other-taxes)
- [https://mta.gov.mn/files/pdf-files/5aszj6ijdb7//6527932c2cb0ae5731d067f3.pdf](https://mta.gov.mn/files/pdf-files/5aszj6ijdb7//6527932c2cb0ae5731d067f3.pdf)
- [http://www.vom.mn/en/p/51326](http://www.vom.mn/en/p/51326)
- [https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fta/mongolia.html](https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/fta/mongolia.html)
- [https://investmongolia.gov.mn/markets/](https://investmongolia.gov.mn/markets/)
- [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=MN](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=MN)
- [https://mn.usembassy.gov/pr-092822/](https://mn.usembassy.gov/pr-092822/)

*Last verified: 2026-06-26*

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